3D propagation of relativistic solar protons through interplanetary space |
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Silvia Dalla Submitted: 2020-08-03 07:34
Context. Solar energetic particles (SEPs) with energy in the GeV range can propagate to Earth from their acceleration region near the Sun and produce ground level enhancements (GLEs). The traditional approach to interpreting and modelling GLE observations assumes particle propagation which is only parallel to the magnetic field lines of interplanetary space, that is, spatially 1D propagation. Recent measurements by PAMELA have characterised SEP properties at 1 AU for the ∼100 MeV–1 GeV range at high spectral resolution.
Aims. We model the transport of GLE-energy solar protons using a 3D approach to assess the effect of the heliospheric current sheet (HCS) and drifts associated to the gradient and curvature of the Parker spiral. We derive 1 AU observables and compare the simulation results with data from PAMELA.
Methods. We use a 3D test particle model including a HCS. Monoenergetic populations are studied first to obtain a qualitative picture of propagation patterns and numbers of crossings of the 1 AU sphere. Simulations for power law injection are used to derive intensity profiles and fluence spectra at 1 AU. A simulation for a specific event, GLE 71, is used for comparison purposes with PAMELA data.
Results. Spatial patterns of 1 AU crossings and the average number of crossings per particle are strongly influenced by 3D effects, with significant differences between periods of A+ and A- polarities. The decay time constant of 1 AU intensity profiles varies depending on the position of the observer and it is not a simple function of the mean free path as in 1D models. Energy dependent leakage from the injection flux tube is particularly important for GLE energy particles, resulting in a rollover in the spectrum.
Authors: S. Dalla, G. De Nolfo, A. Bruno, J. Giacalone, T. Laitinen, S. Thomas, M. Battarbee, M.S. Marsh
Projects: None
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Publication Status: Accepted by A&A
Last Modified: 2020-08-03 19:21
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Solar Energetic Particle drifts and the energy dependence of 1 AU charge states |
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Silvia Dalla Submitted: 2016-12-20 11:02
The event-averaged charge state of heavy ion Solar Energetic Particles (SEPs), measured at 1 AU from the Sun, typically increases with the ions' kinetic energy. The origin of this behaviour has been ascribed to processes taking place within the acceleration region. In this paper we study the propagation through interplanetary space of SEP Fe ions, injected near the Sun with a variety of charge states that are uniformly distributed in energy, by means of a 3D test particle model. In our simulations, due to gradient and curvature drifts associated with the Parker spiral magnetic field, ions of different charge propagate with very different efficiencies to an observer that is not magnetically well connected to the source region. As a result we find that, for many observer locations, the 1 AU event-averaged charge state <Q>, as obtained from our model, displays an increase with particle energy E, in qualitative agreement with spacecraft observations. We conclude that drift-associated propagation is a possible explanation for the observed distribution of <Q> versus E in SEP events, and that the distribution measured in interplanetary space cannot be taken to represent that at injection.
Authors: S. Dalla, M.S. Marsh and M. Battarbee
Projects: None
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Publication Status: ApJ, in press, 2017
Last Modified: 2016-12-21 12:21
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Solar Energetic Particle drifts in the Parker spiral |
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Silvia Dalla Submitted: 2013-07-11 11:05
Drifts in the Parker spiral interplanetary magnetic field are known to be an important component in the propagation of galactic cosmic rays, while they are thought to be negligible for Solar Energetic Particles (SEPs). As a result they have so far been ignored in SEP propagation modelling and data analysis. We examine drift velocities in the Parker spiral within single particle first-order adiabatic theory, in a local coordinate system with an axis parallel to the magnetic field. We show that, in the presence of scattering in interplanetary space, protons at the high end of the SEP energy range experience significant gradient and curvature drift. In the scatter-free case, drift due to magnetic field curvature is present. The magnitude of drift velocity increases by more than an order of magnitude at high heliographic latitudes compared to near the ecliptic; it has a strong dependence on radial distance r from the Sun, reaching a maximum at r~1 AU at low heliolatitudes and r~10 AU at high heliolatitudes. Due to the mass over charge dependence of drift velocities, the effect of drift for partially ionised SEP heavy ions is stronger than for protons. Drift is therefore likely to be a considerable source of cross field transport for high energy SEPs.
Authors: S. Dalla, M.S. Marsh, J. Kelly, T. Laitinen
Projects: None
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Publication Status: Submitted to Journal of Geophysical Research - Space Physics
Last Modified: 2013-07-11 16:34
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