PUBLICATIONS AND PREPRINTS

Research Professor
Department of Physics
Montana State University
P. O. Box 173840, Bozeman, MT 59717-3840
E-Mail: richard.canfield at montana.edu

• D. Shaun Bloomfield, Peter T. Gallagher, William H. Marquette, Ryan O. Milligan, Richard C. Canfield, ``Performance of Major Flare Watches from the Max Millennium Program (2001-2010)'' Solar Physics, 291, 411, 2016 PDF

• Maria D. Kazachenko, Richard C. Canfield, Dana W. Longcope, Jiong Qiu, ``Predictions of Energy and Helicity in Four Major Flares'' Solar Physics, 277, 165, 2012 PDF

• Maria D. Kazachenko, Richard C. Canfield, Dana W. Longcope, Jiong Qiu, ``Sunspot Rotation, Flare Energetics, and Flux Rope Helicity: The Halloween Flare on 2003 October 28'', Astrophysical Journal, 722, 1539, 2010 PDF

• Maria D. Kazachenko, Richard C. Canfield, Dana W. Longcope, Jiong Qiu, Angela DesJardins and Richard W. Nightingale, ``Sunspot Rotation, Flare Energetics, and Flux Rope Helicity: The Eruptive Flare on 2005 May 13'', Astrophysical Journal, 704, 1146-1158, 2009. PDF

• Des Jardins, A., Canfield, R., Longcope, D., and McLinden, E., ``Signatures of Magnetic Stress Prior to Three Solar Flares Observed by RHESSI'', Astrophysical Journal, 693, 886-893, 2009. PS

• Des Jardins, A., Canfield, R.C., Longcope, D., Fordyce, C., and Waitukaitis, S., ``Reconnection in Three Dimensions: The Role of Spines in Three Eruptive Flares'', Astrophysical Journal, 693, 1628, 2009. PS

• Pevtsov, A. A., Canfield, Richard C., Sakurai, T., and Hagino, M., ``On the Solar Cycle Variation of the Hemispheric Helicity Rule'', Astrophysical Journal, 677, 719, 2008. PDF

• David E. McKenzie and Richard C. Canfield, ``Hinode X-Ray Telescope Observations of a Long-Lasting Coronal Sigmoid'' Astronomy and Astrophysics, 481, 65, 2008. PDF

• Richard C. Canfield, Maria D. Kazachenko, Loren W. Acton, D. H. Mackay, Ji Son, Tanya L. Freeman, ``Yohkoh SXT Full-Resolution Observations of Sigmoids: Structure, Formation, and Eruption'' Astrophysical Journal, 671, 81, 2007. PDF

• Nandy, D., Mackay, D.H., Canfield, R.C., and Martens, P.C.H., ``Twisted Magnetic Fields in the Solar Photosphere as Drivers of Space Weather: Observational and Theoretical Investigations'', Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 70, 605, 2008. PDF

• Canfield, R.C., and Russell, A. J. B, `` Solar Active Region Flux Fragmentation, Subphotospheric Flows, and Flaring'', ApJ Letters, 662, L39, 2007. PDF

• Regnier, S., and Canfield, R.C., ``Evolution of magnetic fields and energetics of flares in active region 8210'', Astronomy and Astrophysics, 451, 319, 2006. PDF

• Regnier, S., Amari, T., and Canfield, R.C., ``Self and mutual magnetic helicities in coronal magnetic configurations'', Astronomy and Astrophysics, 442, 345, 2005. PDF

• Hahn, M., Gaard, S., Jibben, P., Canfield, R.C., and Nandy, D. ``Spatial Relationship Between Twist in Active Region Magnetic Fields and Solar Flares'', Astrophysical Journal, 629, 1135, 2005. PDF

• Holder, Z. A., Canfield, R. C., McMullen, R. A., Nandy, D., Howard, R. F., & Pevtsov, A. A., ``On the Tilt and Twist of Solar Active Regions'', Astrophysical Journal, 611, 1149, 2004. PDF

• Leamon, R.J., Canfield, R.C., Jones, S.L., Lambkin, K., Lundberg, B.J., and Pevtsov A.A., "Helicity of magnetic clouds and their associated active regions" Journal of Geophysical Research, 109, A05106, 2004. PDF

• Jibben, P. and Canfield, R. C., ``Twist Propagation in H-alpha Surges'' ApJ, 610, 1127, 2004. PDF

• Burnette, A. B., Canfield, R. C., and Pevtsov, A. A., ``Photospheric and Coronal Currents in Solar Active Regions'', Astrophysical Journal, 606, 565, 2004. PDF

• Nandy, D., Hahn, M., Canfield, R. C., and Longcope, D. W., "Detection of a Taylor-like Plasma Relaxation Process in the Sun" Astrophysical Journal Letters, 597, 73, 2003. PDF

• Des Jardins, A. C., Canfield, R. C. "Preflare phenomena in eruptive flares", Astrophysical Journal, 598, 678, 2003. PDF

• Leamon, R. J., Canfield, R. C., Blehm, Z., and Pevtsov, A. A., "What is the role of the kink instability in solar coronal eruptions?", Astrophysical Journal Letters, 596, L255, 2003. PDF

• Canfield, R. C., ``On the Origin of Activity in Solar-Type Stars'', Advances in Space Research, Vol 32, No. 6, pp 985-993, 2003. PDF

• Lin, R. P., Canfield, R. C., and 65 co-authors, ``The Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI)'', Solar Physics, 210, 3, 2002. ADS

• Leamon, R. J., Canfield, R. C., Pevtsov, A. A., ``Properties of magnetic clouds and geomagnetic storms associated with eruption of coronal sigmoids'', JGR, 102, 1234, 2002. PostScript PDF

• Pevtsov, A. A., Canfield, R. C., and Latushko S. M. ``Hemispheric Helicity Trend for Solar Cycle 23'', ApJ, 549, L261, 2001. PostScript PDF

• Pevtsov, A. A. and Canfield, R. C. ``Solar Magnetic Fields and Geomagnetic Events'', JGR, 106, 25191, 2001. PostScript PDF

• Canfield, R. C. and Pevtsov, A. A. ``Vector Magnetic Fields, Sub-surface Stresses, and Evolution of Magnetic Helicity'', in ``Cyclical Evolution of Solar Magnetic fields: Advances in Theory and Observations'', IAU Colloquium 179, Kodaikanal, India, J. Astrophys. Astr., Volume 21, 213, 2000. PostScript PDF

• Pevtsov, A. A. and Canfield, R. C., ``Coronal Structures as Tracers of Sub-Surface Processes'', ``Cyclical Evolution of Solar Magnetic fields: Advances in Theory and Observations'', IAU Colloquium 179, Kodaikanal, India, J. Astrophys. Astr. 21, 185, 2000. PostScript PDF

• Canfield, R. C., Hudson, H. S., and Pevtsov, A. A. ``Sigmoids as Precursors of Solar Eruptions'', IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, 28, 1786, 2000. PostScript PDF

• Canfield, R. C. ``Solar Active Regions'', in ``Encyclopedia of Astronomy and Astrophysics'', Institute of Physics, 2000. PDF

• Brown, M. R., Canfield, R. C., and Pevtsov, A. A., ``Magnetic Helicity in Space and Laboratory Plasmas'', Geophysical Monograph 111, American Geophysical Union, 1999. order

• Canfield, R. C., Hudson, H. S., and McKenzie, D. E., ``Sigmoidal Morphology and Eruptive Solar Activity'', Geophysics Research Letters, Vol. 26 , No. 6 , p. 627, 1999. HTML PDF

• Brown, M. R., Canfield, R. C.,, Field, G., Kulsrud, R., Pevtsov, A. A., Rosner, R., and Seehafer, N. ``Magnetic Helicity in Space and Laboratory Plasmas: Editorial Summary'', in ``Magnetic Helicity in Space and Laboratory Plasmas'', ed. M. R. Brown, R. C. Canfield, and A. A. Pevtsov, Geophysical Monograph 111, American Geophysical Union, 301, 1999.

• Pevtsov, A. A., and Canfield, R. C. ``Helicity of the Photospheric Magnetic Field'', in ``Magnetic Helicity in Space and Laboratory Plasmas'', ed. M. R. Brown, R. C. Canfield, and A. A. Pevtsov, Geophysical Monograph 111, American Geophysical Union, 103, 1999. PostScript PDF

• Canfield, R. C., and Pevtsov, A. A. ``Helicity and Reconnection in the Solar Corona: Observations'', in ``Magnetic Helicity in Space and Laboratory Plasmas'', ed. M. R. Brown, R. C. Canfield, and A. A. Pevtsov, Geophysical Monograph 111, American Geophysical Union, 197, 1999. PostScript PDF,

• Canfield, R. C., and Pevtsov, A. A. ``Magnetic Helicity Attracts Interdisciplinary Participation at Chapman Conference'', ``Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union'', Volume 80, Number 2, page 13, January 12, 1999. PostScript PDF,

• Tonooka, H., Matsumoto, R., Miyaji, S., Martin, S. F., Canfield, R. C., Reardon, K., McAllister, A., and Shibata, K. ``Yohkoh SXT Observations of Prominence Eruption and Disappearance'', in Observational Plasma Astrophysics : Five Years of Yohkoh and Beyond. Edited by Tetsuya Watanabe, Takeo Kosugi, and Alphonse C. Sterling. Boston, Mass.: Kluwer Academic Publishers, p. 371, 1998.

• Canfield, R. C. & Reardon, K. P. ``The Eruptive Flare of 15 November 1991: Preflare Phenomena'', Solar Physics, 182, 145-157, (1998).

• Canfield, R. C. & Pevtsov, A. A. ``Helicity of Solar Active-Region Magnetic Fields'', in ``Synoptic Solar Physics'', ed. K. S. Balasubramaniam, J. W. Harvey, D. M. Rabin, ASP Conference Series, Vol 140, pp 131 -143, 1998.

• Pevtsov, A. A. & Canfield, R. C. ``On the Origin of Helicity in Solar Active-Region Magnetic Fields'', ApJ Letters, submitted (1997)

• Pevtsov, A. A. & Canfield, R. C. ``On the Origin of Helicity in Active Region Magnetic Fields'' in Observational Plasma Astrophysics: Five Years of Yohkoh and Beyond, ed. T. Watanabe, T. Kosugi, and A. C. Sterling (Dordrecht: Kluwer), p. 85, (1997)

• Pevtsov, A. A., Canfield, R. C., and McClymont, A. N. ``On the Sub-Photospheric Origin of Coronal Electric Currents'' Astrophysical Journal, 481, 973, (1997).

• Li, J., Metcalf, T. R., Canfield, R. C., Wuelser, J.-P., and Kosugi, T., ``What is the Spatial Relationship between Hard X-ray Footpoints and Vertical Electric Currents in Solar Flares?'', Astrophysical Journal, 482, 490, (1997).

• Canfield, R. C., Pevtsov, A. A., and Reardon, K. P. ``Magnetic Reconnection, Magnetic Helicity, & A Solar Coronal Eruption'', (text only) in Solar Flares and Related Disturbances, ed. M. Akioka, Hitachi, p. 15, (1997).

• Canfield, R. C., Pevtsov, A. A., and McClymont, A. N., ``Magnetic Chirality and Coronal Reconnection'', in Magnetic Reconnection, ed. R. Bentley and J. Mariska, A.S.P. Conf. Series, 111, 341 (1996)

• Pevtsov, A. A., Canfield, R. C., and Zirin, H. ``Reconnection and Helicity in a Solar Flare'', Astrophysical Journal, 473, 533 (1996).

• Dennis, B. R., Lin, R. P., Canfield, R. C., Crannell, C. J., Emslie, A. G., Holman, G. D., Hudson, H. S., Hurford, G. J., Ling, J. C., Madden, N. W., and Ramaty, R, ``The High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager - HESSI'' in Missions to the Sun, 8-9 August 1996, Denver, Colorado, SPIE, 2804, p. 228 (1996)

• Canfield, R. C., Reardon, K. P., Leka, K. D., Shibata, K., Yokoyama, T., and Shimojo, M., ``H-alpha Surges and X-ray Jets in AR 7260'' in Magnetodynamic Phenomena in the Solar Atmosphere - Prototypes of Stellar Magnetic Activity, ed Y. Uchida, T. Kosugi, & H. Hudson, Kluwer Academic Publishers, p. 49 (1996).

• Mickey, D. L., Canfield, R. C., LaBonte, B. J., Leka, K. D., Waterson, M. F., and Weber, H. M., ``The Imaging Vector Magnetograph at Haleakala'' Solar Physics , 168, 229, (1996).

• Canfield, R. C., Reardon, K. P., Leka, K. D., Shibata, K., Yokoyama, T., and Shimojo, M., ``H-alpha Surges and X-ray Jets in AR 7260'' Astrophysical Journal, 464, 1016, (1996).

• Leka, K. D., Canfield, R., C., McClymont, A. N., and van Driel-Gesztelyi, L., ``Evidence for Current-Carrying Emerging Flux'' Astrophysical Journal, 462, 547, (1996).

• Cauzzi, G., Canfield, R. C., and Fisher, G. H., ``A Search for Asymmetric Flows in Young Active Regions,'' Astrophysical Journal, 456, 850 (1996).

• Li, J., Metcalf, T. R., Canfield, R. C., Wuelser, J.-P., and Kosugi, T., ``What is the Spatial Relationship between Hard X-ray Footpoints and Vertical Electric Currents?'' in High Energy Solar Physics, AIP Conference Proceedings 374, ed. R. Ramaty, N. Mandzhavidze and X.-M. Hua, p. 336, (1995).

• Pevtsov, A. A., Canfield, R. C., and Metcalf, T. R., ``Latitudinal Variation of the Helicity of Photospheric Magnetic Fields,'' Astrophysical Journal , 440 , L109 (1995).

• Shibasaki, K., Enome, S. Nakajima, H., Nishio, M., Takano, T., Hanaoka, Y., Torii, C., Sekuguchi, H., Kawashima, S., Bushimata, T., Shinohara, N., Koshiishi, H., Shiomi, Y., Irimajiri, Y., Leka, K. D., and Canfield, R. C., ``A Purely Polarized S-Component at 17 GHz,'' Publications As tronomical Society Japan , 46 , L17-20, (1994).

• Lin, R. P., Dennis, B. R., Ramaty, R., Emslie, A. G., Canfield, R., and Doschek, G., ``The NASA High Energy Solar Physics (HESP) Mission for the Next Solar Maximum,'' in Solar System Plasmas in Space and Time , Geophysical Monograph 84, American Geophysical Union, p. 283-295 (1994).

• Gopalswamy, N., Schmahl, E. J., Kundu, M. R., Lemen, J. R., Strong, K. T., Canfield, R. C., and de La Beaujardiere, J., ``Study of Active Region Magnetic Field Structures Using VLA Radio, Yohkoh X-ray and Mees Optical Observations,'' in Proceedings of Kofu Symposium New Look at the Sun with Emphasis on Advanced Observations of Coronal Dynamics and Flares , eds. S. Enome T. Hirayama, NRO Rpt. No. 360, p. 347-351 (1994).

• de La Beaujardiere, J.-F., Canfield, R. C., and Metcalf, T. R., ``Electron Precipitation and Mass Motion in the 1991 June 9 White-Light Flare,'' Solar Physics , 151 , 389-392 (1994).

• Gopalswamy, N., Payne, T. E. W., Schmahl, E. J., Kundu, M. R., Lemen, J. R., Strong, K. T., Canfield, R. C., de la Beaujardiere, J., ``Transient Microwave Brightenings in Solar Active Regions: Comparison Between VLA Yohkoh Observations,'' Astrophysical Journal, 437 , 522 (1994).

• Nitta, N., van Driel-Gesztelyi, L., Leka, K. D., Sakurai, T., Shibata, K., Ichimoto, K., Canfield, R. C., Wuelser, J.-P., Metcalf, T. R., and Mickey, D. L., ``Flares in Active Region NOAA 7260,'' in X-Ray Solar Physics from Yohkoh , eds. Y. Uchida, T. Watanabe, K. Shibata, and H. S. Hudson, Univ. Acad. Press, Tokyo, p. 111 (1994).

• Metcalf, T. R., Jiao, L., McClymont, A. N., and Canfield, R. C., ``Is the Solar Chromospheric Magnetic Field Force-Free?'', Astrophysical Journal , 439 , 474 (1995).

• Leka, K. D., van Driel-Gesztelyi, L., Nitta, N., Canfield, R. C., and Mickey, D. L., ``The Magnetic Evolution of AR 7260: A Roadmap,'' Solar Physics , 155 , 301, (1994).

• Pevtsov, A. A., Canfield, R. C., and Metcalf, T. R., ``Patterns of Helicity in Solar Active Regions,'' Astrophysical Journal Letters , 425 , L117-119 (19 94).

• Metcalf, T. R., Canfield, R. C., Hudson, H. S., Mickey, D. L., Wuelser, J.-P., Martens, P. C. H., and Tsuneta, S., ``Electric Currents and Coronal Heating in NOAA Active Region 6952,'' Astrophysical Journal , 428 , 860 (1994 ).

• Wuelser, J.-P., Canfield, R. C., Acton, L. W., Culhane, J. L., Phillips, A., Fludra, A., Sakao, T., Masuda, S., Kosugi, T., and Tsuneta, S., ``Multispectral Observations of Chromospheric Evaporation in the 1991 November 15 X-Class Solar Flare'', Astrophysical Journal , 424 , 459 (1994).

• Lin, R. P., Dennis, B. R., Emslie, A. G., Ramaty, R., Canfield, R., and Doschek, G., ``The NASA High Energy Solar Physics (HESP) Mission for the Next Solar Maximum,'' in Advances in space Research , Vol 13 , No. 9, p. 401 (1993).

• Klimchuk, J. A., and Canfield, R. C., ``Photospheric Magnetic Field Measurement Errors and the Inferred Properties of Coronal Magnetic Fields,'' in Solar Active Region Evolution: Comparing Models with Observations , ASP Conf. Series, Vol 68 , K. S. Balasubramaniam G. W. Simon (eds)., p. 233 (1994).

• Canfield, R. C., Blais, K. A., McClymont, A. N., Metcalf, T. R., Reardon, K. P., Wuelser, J.-P., Acton, L. W., Kurokawa, H., and Hirayama, T., ``The X Flare of 15 November, 1991: Preflare Flux Emergence, Heating and Filament Eruption,'' in X-Ray Solar Physics from Yohkoh , ed. Y. Uchida, T. Watanabe, K. Shibata, and H. S. Hudson, Univ. Acad. Press, Tokyo, p. 153 (1994).

• Wuelser, J.-P., Canfield, R. C., Sakao, T., Masuda, S., Kosugi, T., and Tsuneta, S., ``H-alpha and X-ray Signatures of Chromospheric Heating Observed in Solar Flares,'' in Proceedings of Kofu Symposium New Look at the Sun with Emphasis on Advanced Observations of Coronal Dynamics and Flares , eds. S. Enome T. Hirayama, NRO Rpt. No. 360, pp.195-198 (1994).

• Leka, K. D., van Driel-Gesztelyi, L., and Canfield, R. C., ``Evidence for Twisted Emerging Flux: NOAA AR 7260,'' in Solar Active Region Evolution: Comparing Models with Observations , K. S. Balasubramaniam G. W. Simon, eds., Vol. 68 , ASP Conf. Series, pp 145-148 (1994).

• Wuelser, J.-P., Canfield, R. C., Acton, L. W., Culhane, J. L., Phillips, A., Fludra, A., Sakao, T., Masuda, S., and Kosugi, T., ``H-alpha and X-ray Signatures of Chromospheric Evaporation Observed during the Early Phase of the 15 November 1991 Flare,'' in X-Ray Solar Physics from Yohkoh , ed. Y. Uchida, T. Watanabe, K. Shibata, and H. S. Hudson, Univ. Acad. Press, Tokyo, p. 75 (1994).

• Nishio, M., Nakajima, H., Enome, S., Shibasaki, K., Takano, T., Hanaoka, Y., Torii, C., Sekiguchi, H., Bushimata, T., Kawashima, S., Shinohara, N., Irimajiri, Y., Choi, Y., Koshiishi, H., Shiomi, Y., Metcalf, T., and Canfield, R., ``Radio Imaging Observations of the Evolution of Thermal and Nonthermal Sources during a Gradual Burst,'' Publications Astronomical Society Japan , 46 , L11 (1994).

• de La Beaujardiere, J.-F., Canfield, R. C., Metcalf, T. R., Hiei, E., Sakurai, T., and Ichimoto, K., ``Electron Precipitation and Mass Motion in the 1991 June 9 White Light Flare,'' Solar Physics , 151 , 389 (1994).

• Metcalf, T. R., Mickey, D., Canfield, R., and Wuelser, J.-P., ``A Search for Low Energy Protons in a Solar Flare from October, 1992,'' in High-Energy Solar Phenomena--A New Era of Spacecraft Measurements, Waterville Valley, NH 1993 , AIP Conference Proceedings, ed. J. M. Ryan and W. T. Vestrand, AIP, New York, 294 , 59 (1994).

• de La Beaujardiere, J.-F., Canfield, R. C., Hudson, H. S., Wuelser, J.-P., Acton, L., Kosugi, T., and Masuda, S., ``The 1991 October 24 Flare: A Challenge for Standard Models,'' Astrophysical Journal , 440 , 386 (1995).

• Leka, K. D., van Driel-Gesztelyi, L., Anwar, B., Canfield, R. C., Hudson, H.S., Metcalf, T. R., Mickey, D. L., Nitta, N., and Kurokawa, H., ``Diagnostics of Twisted Flux Emergence (NOAA AR7260)'', in X-Ray Solar Physics from Yohkoh , ed. Y. Uchida, H. S. Hudson, T. Watanabe, K. Shibata, and H. S. Hudson, Univ. Acad. Press, Tokyo, p. 25 (1994

• Metcalf, T. R., Canfield, R. C., Hudson, H. S., Mickey, D. L., Wuelser, J.-P., and Tsuneta, S., ``Electric Currents and Coronal Heating in NOAA Active Region 6952'', in X-Ray Solar Physics from Yohkoh , ed. Y. Uchida, T. Watanabe, K. Shibata, and H. S. Hudson, Univ. Acad. Press, Tokyo, P. 51 (1994).

• de La Beaujardiere, J.-F., Canfield, R. C., and Leka, K. D., ``The Morphology of Flare Processes and Electric Currents in Active Regions: III. Active Region 6233 (1990 August),'' Astrophysical Journal , 411 , 378 (1993).

• Leka, K. D., Canfield, R. C., McClymont, A. N., and Fan, Y., ``The Morphology of Flare Processes and Electric Currents in Active Regions: II. Active Region 5747 (1989 October),'' Astrophysical Journal , 411 , 370 (1993).

• Canfield, R. C., de La Beaujardiere, J.-F., Fan, Y., Leka, K. D., McClymont, A. N., Metcalf, T. R., Mickey, D. L., Wuelser, J.-P., and Lites, B. W., ``The Morphology of Flare Processes and Electric Currents in Active Regions: I. Introduction and Methods,'' Astrophysical Journal , 411 , 362 (1993).

• Metcalf, T. R., Wuelser, J.-P., Canfield, R. C., and Hudson, H. S., ``Search for Evidence of Low Energy Protons in Solar Flares'', in The Compton Observatory Science Workshop , ed. C.R. Shrader, N. Gehrels, and B. Dennis, NASA Conference Publication 3137, pp. 536-541, (1992).

• Sakao, T., Kosugi, T., Masuda, S., Inda, M., Makishima, K., Canfield, R. C., Hudson, H. S., Metcalf, T. R., Wuelser, J.-P., Acton, L. W., and Ogawara, Y., ``Hard X-ray Imaging Observations by YOHKOH of the 15 November, 1991 Solar Flare,'' Publications Astronomical Society Japan 44 , L83 (1992).

• Acton, L. W., Canfield, R. C., and co-authors, ``The YOHKOH Mission for High Energy Solar Physics,'' Science , 258 , 618 (1992).

• Canfield, R. C., and co-authors, ``The X Flare of 15 November, 1991: Coordinated Mees/YOHKOH Observations,'' Publications Astronomical Society Japan , 44 , L111 (1992).

• de La Beaujardiere, J.-F., Kiplinger, A. L., and Canfield, R. C., ``Coordinated Spectral and Temporal H-alpha Observations of a Solar Flare,'' Astrophysical Journal , 401 , 761 (1992).

• Wang, H., Varsik, J., Zirin, H., Canfield, R. C., Leka, K. D., and Wang, J., ``Joint Vector Magnetograph Observations at BBSO, Huairou Station and Mees Solar Observatory,'' Solar Physics , 142 , 11 (1992).

• Klimchuk, J. A., Canfield, R. C., and Rhoads, J. E., ``The Practical Application of the Magnetic Virial Theorem,'' Astrophysical Journal , 385 , 327 (1992).

• Wuelser, J.-P., Zarro, D. M., and Canfield, R. C., ``Energetics and Dynamics in a Large Solar Flare of 1989 March,'' Astrophysical Journal , 384 , 341 (1992).

• Penn, M. J., Mickey, D. L., Canfield, R. C., and LaBonte, B. J., ``The Mees CCD Imaging Spectrograph,'' Solar Physics , 135 , 163 (1991).

• Canfield, R. C., de La Beaujardiere, J.-F., and Leka, K. D., ``Flare Energy Release: Observational Consequences and Signatures,'' Philosophical Transactions Royal Society London A , 336 , 381 (1991).

• Gayley, K. G., and Canfield, R. C., ``Inferring Chromospheric Flare Heating from Hydrogen,'' Astrophysical Journal , 380 , 660 (1991).

• Canfield, R. C., Leka, K. D., and Wuelser, J.-P., ``Magnetic Morphology of Nonthermal Electron Precipitation in a Highly Nonpotential Active Region,'' in Lecture Notes in Physics , eds. Y. Uchida, R. Canfield, T. Watanabe, and E. Hiei, 387 , 96 (1991).

• Metcalf, T. R., Canfield, R. C., Mickey, D. L., and Lites, B. W., ``The Derivation of Vector Magnetic Fields from Stokes Profiles: Derivative versus Least Squares Fitting Techniques'', in Solar Polarimetry, Proceedings of the Eleventh National Solar Observatory Summer Workshop , ed. L. November, National Solar Observatory, Sacramento Peak, (1991).

• Canfield, R. C., Fan, Y., Leka, K. D., McClymont, A. N., Wuelser, J.-P., Lites, B. W., and Zirin, H., ``Currents and Flares in a Highly Nonpotential Active Region,'' in Solar Polarimetry, Proceedings of the Eleventh National Solar Observatory Summer Workshop , ed. L. November, National Solar Observatory, Sacramento Peak, p. 296 (1991).

• Canfield, R. C., Zarro, D. M., Wuelser, J.-P., and Dennis, B. R., ``A Study of Solar Flare Energy Transport Based on Coordinated H-alpha and X-Ray Observations,'' Astrophysical Journal , 367 , 671, (1991).

• Zarro, D. M., Wuelser, J.-P., and Canfield, R. C., ``Chromospheric Plasma Motions in the X 1.2 Flare of 1536 UT 1989 March 11,'' in MAX '91 Workshop No. 3: Max '91/SMM Solar Flares: Observations and Theory , ed. R. M. Winglee and A. L. Kiplinger, p. 77 (1990).

• Metcalf, T. R., Canfield, R. C., and Saba, J. L. R., ``Flare Heating and Ionization of the Low Solar Chromosphere. II. Observations of Five Solar Flares,'' Astrophysical Journal , 365 , 391, (1990).

• Canfield, R. C., Kiplinger, A. L., Penn, M. J., and Wuelser, J.-P., ``H-alpha Spectra of Dynamic Chromospheric Processes in Five Well-Observed X-Ray Flares,'' Astrophysical Journal , 363 , 318, (1990).

• Metcalf, T. R., Canfield, R. C., Avrett, E. H., and Metcalf, F. T., ``Flare Heating and Ionization of the Low Solar Chromosphere I. Inversion Methods for MgI 4571 and 5173A,'' Astrophysical Journal , 350 , 463, (1990).

• Canfield, R. C., Zarro, D. M., Metcalf, T. R., and Lemen, J. R., ``Momentum Balance in Four Solar Flares,'' Astrophysical Journal , 348 , 333 (1990).

• Wuelser, J.-P., Canfield, R. C., and Rieger, E., ``Chromospheric Response During the Gamma Ray Flare on March 10, 1989,'' in MAX '91 Workshop No. 3: Max '91/SMM Solar Flares: Observations and Theory , ed. R. M. Winglee and A. L. Kiplinger, p. 77 (1990).

• Wuelser, J.-P., and Canfield, R. C., ``H Imaging Spectroscopy of March 1989 Flares,'' in MAX '91 Workshop No. 2: Developments in Observations and Theory for Solar Cycle 22 , ed. R. M. Winglee and B. R. Dennis, p. 291 (1989).

• Zarro, D. M., and Canfield, R. C., ``Chromospheric Downflows as a Diagnostic of Solar Flare Heating,'' in Solar and Stellar Flares , IAU Colloquium No. 104, eds. Haisch and Rodono, p. 203, (1989).

• Tamres, D. H., Melrose, D. B., and Canfield, R. C., ``On the Stability of Proton Beams Against Resonant Scattering by Alfven Waves in Solar Flare Loops,'' Astrophysical Journal , 342 , 576. (1989).

• Zarro, D. M., and Canfield, R. C., ``H-alpha Redshifts as a Diagnostic of Solar Flare Heating,'' Astrophysical Journal Letters , 338 , L33. (1989).

• Canfield, R. C., and Mickey, D. L., ``An Imaging Vector Magnetograph for the Next Solar Maximum,'' in Solar System Plasma Physics , eds. J. H. Waite, J. L. Burch, and R. L. Moore, American Geophysical Monograph, Geophysical Monograph 54 , p. 37, (1989).

• Zarro, D. M., Canfield, R. C., Metcalf, T. R., and Lemen, J. R., ``Coordinated Soft X-Ray and H-alpha Observations of Solar Flares,'' in Advances in Space Research , 8 , No. 11, p 149. (1988).

• Zarro, D. M., Canfield, R. C., Strong, K. T., and Metcalf, T. R., ``Explosive Flows in a Solar Flare'', Astrophysical Journal , 324 , 582 (1988).

• Canfield, R. C., ``Optical Imaging Spectroscopy,'' Solar Physics , 113 , 95 (1987).

• Tamres, D. H., Melrose, D. B., and Canfield, R. C., ``Alfven Wave Growth Driven by Streaming Protons in Coronal Loops,'' Solar Physics , 113 , 313 (1987).

• Canfield, R. C., and Gayley, K. G., ``Impulsive H-alpha Diagnostics of Electron-Beam-Heated Solar Flare Model Chromospheres'', Astrophysical Journal , 322 , 999 (1987).

• Canfield, R. C., and Metcalf, T. R., ``The H-alpha Spectral Counterparts of Solar Hard X-Ray Microflares'', Astrophysical Journal , 321 , 586 (1987).

• Canfield, R. C., Metcalf, T. R., Strong, K. T., and Zarro, D. M., ``A Novel Observational Test of Momentum Balance in a Solar Flare'', Nature , 326 , 165 (1987).

• Zarro, D. M., Saba, J. L., Strong, K. T., Canfield, R. C., and Metcalf, T., ``Evidence for Chromospheric Evaporation in a Solar Flare Observed with SMM'', in Advances in Space Research , 6 , 155, (1987).

• Canfield, R. C., ``Impulsive Phase Explosive Dynamics'' in Advances in Space Research , Vol. 6 , No. 6, pp. 167-176 (1987).

• Tamres, D. H., Canfield, R. C., and McClymont, A. N., ``Beam-Induced Pressure Gradients in the Early Phase of Proton-Heated Solar Flares'', Astrophysical Journal , 309 , 409 (1986).

• Canfield, R. C., Gaizauskas, V., Kurokawa, H., Martin, S. F., and Svestka, Z., ``Observations of Chromospheric Flare Dynamics at the Next Solar Maximum: Specific Recommendations of the Chromospheric Flare Dynamics Group'' in The Lower Atmosphere in Solar Flares , ed. D. Neidig, (Sunspot: National Solar Observatory), p. 489 (1986).

• Canfield, R. C., ``Impulsive Phase Chromospheric Flare Dynamics'' in The Lower Atmosphere in Solar Flares , ed. D. Neidig, (Sunspot: National Solar Observatory), p. 10 (1986).

• Canfield, R. C., and Gayley, K. G., ``The Sensitivity of H-alpha Profiles to Rapid Electron Beam Fluctuations'' in Rapid Fluctuations in Solar Flares , ed. B. Dennis (Washington: NASA Conference Publication 2449), p. 249, (1986).

• Canfield, R. C., ``Optical Imaging Spectroscopy'', in Solar Flares and Coronal Physics Using P/OF as a Research Tool , ed. E. Tandberg-Hanssen, (Washington: NASA Conference Publication 2421), p. 120 (1986).

• Canfield, R. C., Bely-Dubau, F., Brown, J. C., Dulk, G. A., Emslie, A. G., Enome, S., Gabriel, A. H., Kundu, M. R., Melrose, D., Neidig, D. F., Ohki, K., Petrosian, V., Poland, A., Rieger, E., Tanaka, K., and Zirin, H., ``Impulsive Phase Transport'', in Energetic Phenomena on the Sun , eds. M. Kundu and B. Woodgate, (Washington: NASA Conference Publication 2439), p. 3-1, (1986).

• Owocki, S. P., and Canfield, R. C., ``The Role of Nonclassical Electron Transport in the Lower Solar Transition Region'', Astrophysical Journal , 300 , 420 (1986).

• McClymont, A. N., and Canfield, R. C., ``The Solar Flare Extreme Ultraviolet to Hard X-Ray Ratio'', Astrophysical Journal , 305 , 936 (1986).

• Canfield, R. C., and Chang, Ching-Ray, ``L and H-alpha Emission by Superthermal Proton Beams'', Astrophysical Journal , 295 , 275 (1985).

• Canfield, R. C., and Chang, Ching-Ray, ``On the Detectability of KeV-MeV Solar Protons Through Their Nonthermal Lyman Emission'', in Conference Papers, 19th International Cosmic Ray Conference , 4 , 86 (1985).

• Canfield, R. C., Gunkler, T. A., and Kiplinger, A. L. ``Observational Evidence for Footpoint Penetration of Nonthermal Electrons During Two Well-Observed Flares'', in Advances in Space Research , Vol. 4 , No. 7, ed. P. A. Simon (New York: Pergammon), p. 225 (1985).

• Fisher, G. H., Canfield, R. C., and McClymont, A. N., ``Flare Loop Radiative Hydrodynamics. VII. Dynamics of the Thick Target Heated Chromosphere'', Astrophysical Journal , 289 , 434 (1985).

• Fisher, G. H., Canfield, R. C., and McClymont, A.N., ``Flare Loop Radiative Hydrodynamics. VI. Chromospheric Evaporation Due to Heating by Nonthermal Electrons'', Astrophysical Journal , 289 , 425, (1985).

• Fisher, G. H., Canfield, R. C., and McClymont, A.N., ``Flare Loop Radiative Hydrodynamics. V. Response to Thick Target Heating'', Astrophysical Journal , 289 , 414 (1985).

• Canfield, R. C., and Gunkler, T. A., ``Energetic Electron Heating and Chromospheric Evaporation During a Well-Observed Compact Flare'', Astrophysical Journal , 288 , 353 (1985).

• Gunkler, T. A., Canfield, R. C., Acton, L. W., and Kiplinger, A. L., ``A Consistent Picture of Coronal and Chromospheric Processes in a Well-Observed Solar Flare'', Astrophysical Journal , 285 , 835 (1984).

• McClymont, A. N., and Canfield, R. C., ``The Unimportance of Beam Momentum in Electron-Heated Models of Solar Flares'', Astronomy Astrophysics (Letters) , 136 , L1 (1984).

• Fisher, G. H., Canfield, R. C., and McClymont, A. N., ``Chromospheric Evaporation Velocities in Solar Flares'', Astrophysical Journal (Letters) , 281 , L79 (1984).

• Canfield, R. C., Gunkler, T. A., and Ricchiazzi, P. J., ``The H-alpha Spectral Signatures of Solar Flare Nonthermal Electrons, Conductive Flux, and Coronal Pressure'', Astrophysical Journal , 282 , 296 (1984).

• Canfield, R. C., McClymont, A. N., and Puetter, R. C., ``Probabilistic Radiative Transfer'', in Methods of Radiative Transfer , ed. W. Kalkofen, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 101 (1984).

• Ricchiazzi, P. J., and Canfield, R. C., ``A Static Model of Chromospheric Heating in Solar Flares'', Astrophysical Journal , 272 , 739 (1983).

• An, C.-H., Canfield, R. C., Fisher, G. H., and McClymont, A. N. ``Flare Loop Radiative Hydrodynamics. IV. Dynamic Evolution of Semiempirical Loop Models'', Astrophysical Journal , 267 , 421 (1983).

• Canfield, R. C., Fisher, G. H., and McClymont A. N., ``Flare Loop Radiative Hydrodynamics. III. Nonlocal Radiative Transfer Effects'', Astrophysical Journal , 265 , 507 (1983).

• McClymont, A. N., and Canfield, R. C., ``Flare Loop Radiative Hydrodynamics. II. Thermal Stability of Empirical Models'', Astrophysical Journal , 265 , 497 (1983).

• Canfield, R. C., Gunkler, T. A., Hudson, H. S., Acton, L. W., Leibacher, J. W., and Kiplinger, A. L., ``Direct Evidence for Chromospheric Evaporation in a Well-Observed Compact Flare'', in Advances Space Research 2 , 145 (1983).

• Puetter, R. C., Hubbard, E. N., Ricchiazzi, P. J., and Canfield, R. C., ``Theoretical Quasar Emission-Line Ratios. VI. A Probabilistic Radiative Transfer Equation for Finite Slab Atmospheres'', Astrophysical Journal , 258 , 46 (1982).

• Acton, L. W., Canfield, R. C., Gunkler, T. A., Hudson, H. S., Kiplinger, A. L., and Leibacher, J. W., ``Chromospheric Evaporation in a Well-Observed Compact Flare'', Astrophysical Journal , 263 , 409 (1982).

• Canfield, R. C., ``A Qualitative Interpretation of 7 August 1972 Impulsive Phase Flare H-alpha Line Profiles'', Solar Physics 75 , 263 (1982).

• Canfield, R. C., Puetter, R. C., and Ricchiazzi, P. J., ``Theoretical Quasar Emission Line Ratios III. Flux Divergence and Photon Escape'', Astrophysical Journal , 248 , 82 (1981).

• Canfield, R. C., Puetter, R. C., and Ricchiazzi, P. J., ``The Lyman-alpha/H-alpha Ratio in Solar Flares and Quasars'', Astrophysical Journal , 249 , 383 (1981).

• Canfield, R. C., and Puetter, R. C., ``Theoretical Quasar Emission Line Ratios. II. Hydrogen L, Balmer and Paschen Lines, and the Balmer Continuum'', Astrophysical Journal , 243 , 390 (1981).

• Canfield, R. C., and Puetter, R. C., ``Theoretical Quasar Emission Line Ratios. I. Transfer and Escape of Radiation'', Astrophysical Journal , 243 , 381, (1981).

• Canfield, R. C., and Van Hoosier, M. E., ``Observed Lyman Profiles for Two Solar Flares: 14:12 UT 15 June 1973, and 2316 UT 21 January 1974'', Solar Physics , 67 , 339 (1980).

• Canfield, R. C., and Puetter, R. C., ``The Implications of Hydrogen Emission Line Ratios in Quasi-Stellar Objects'', Astrophysical Journal (Letters) , 236 , L7, (1980).

• Canfield, R. C., and Ricchiazzi, P. J., ``A Probabilistic Approach to Radiative Energy Loss Calculations for Optically Thick Atmospheres: Hydrogen Lines and Continua'', Astrophysical Journal , 239 , 1036 (1980).

• McClymont, A. N., and Canfield, R. C., ``Radiative Hydrodynamics of Flares: Preliminary Results and Numerical Treatment of the Transition Region'', in Solar and Interplanetary Dynamics , eds. M. Dryer and E. Tandberg-Hanssen, 313 (1980).

• Canfield, R. C., Cheng, C. C., Dere, K. P., Dulk, G. A., McLean, D., Robinson, R. D., Schmahl, E. J., and Schoolman, S. A., ``Radiative Energy Output of the 5 September 1973 Flare'', in Solar Flares: A Monograph from Skylab Solar Workshop II , ed. P. A. Sturrock (1980).

• Canfield, R. C., Brown, J. C., Brueckner, G. E., Cook, J. W., Craig, I. J. D., Doschek, G. A., Emslie, A. G., Henoux, J.-C., Lites, B. W., Machado, M. E., and Underwood, J. H., ``The Chromosphere and Transition Region'', in Solar Flares: A Monograph from Skylab Solar Workshop II , ed. P.A. Sturrock (1980).

• Hudson, H. S., Canfield, R. C., and Kane, S. R., ``Indirect Estimation of Energy Deposition by Nonthermal Electrons in Solar Flares'', Solar Physics , 60 , 137 (1978).

• Canfield, R. C., and Cook, J. W., ``ATM Evidence for Low Nonthermal Proton/Electron Energy Flux Ratio in Solar Flares'', Astrophysical Journal , 225 , 650 (1978).

• Canfield, R. C., Pasachoff, J. M., Stencel, R. E., and Beckers, J. M., ``Spatial Structure in Lines in the 3398-3526 Region at the Extreme Limb: Observation, Identification and Interpretation'', Solar Physics , 58 , 263 (1978).

• Keil, S. L., and Canfield, R. C., ``The Height Variation of Velocity and Temperature Fluctuations in the Solar Photosphere'', Astronomy Astrophysics , 70 , 169, (1978).

• Brown, J. C., Canfield, R. C., and Robertson, M. M., ``H-alpha Profiles from Electron-Heated Solar Flares'', Solar Physics , 57 , 399 (1978).

• Canfield, R. C., and Cram, L. E., ``Analysis of the Solar Mg I Spectrum. II. Sensitivity of 2852 to Partial-Redistribution Effects'', Astrophysical Journal , 216 , 654 (1977).

• Canfield, R. C., and Beckers, J. M., ``Observational Evidence for Unresolved Motions in the Solar Atmosphere'', in Physique des Movements dans le Atmospheres Stellaires , eds. Cayrel and Steinberg, Colloq. Int. du C.N.R.S., 250 , 291 (1976).

• Beckers, J. M., and Canfield, R. C., ``Spatially-Resolved Motions in the Solar Atmosphere'', in Physique des Mouvements dans le Atmospheres Stellaires , eds. Cayrel and Steinberg, Colloq. Int. du C.N.R.S., 250 , 207 (1976).

• Canfield, R. C., and Fisher, R. R., ``Magnetic Field Reconnection in the Flare of 18:28 UT 1975 August 10'', Astrophysical Journal (Letters) , 210 , L149 (1976).

• Canfield, R. C., ``The Height Variation of Granular and Oscillatory Velocities'', Solar Physics , 50 , 239 (1976).

• Canfield, R. C., and Stencel, R. E., ``Emission Lines in the Wings of Ca II H and K. I. Initial Solar Observations and Implications'', Astrophysical Journal , 209 , 618 (l976).

• Canfield, R. C., ``Theoretical Chromospheric Flare Spectra II. Hydrogen Equilibrium for Brown 1973 Models for Heating by Non-Thermal Electrons'', Solar Physics , 34 , 339 (1974).

• Canfield, R. C., ``A Simplified Method for Calculation of Radiative Energy Loss Due to Spectral Lines'', Astrophysical Journal , 194 , 483 (1974).

• Canfield, R. C., Priest, E. R., and Rust, D. M., ``A Model for the Solar Flare'', in Flare Related Magnetic Field Dynamics , eds. Rust and Nakagawa (Boulder, Colorado), Center for Atmospheric Research, p. 361 (1974).

• Canfield, R. C., and Athay, R. G., ``Theoretical Chromospheric Flare Spectra I: Hydrogen Equilibrium for the Kinematic Flare Shock Model of Nakagawa, Wu and Han 1973'', Solar Physics , 34 , 193 (1974).

• Altrock, R. C., and Canfield, R. C., ``Analysis of the Solar Mg I Spectrum'', Astrophysical Journal , 194 , 733 (1 974).

• Canfield, R. C., and Musman, S. A., ``Vertical Phase Variation and Mechanical Flux in the Solar 5 Minute Oscillation'', Astrophysical Journal (Letters) , 18 , L131 (1973).

• Canfield, R. C., ``Observations of the Variation of Temperature with Latitude in the Upper Solar Photosphere II. Magnetic-Field Comparison, Implications for Solar-Oblateness Measurements, and Harmonic Analysis'', Astrophysical Journal , 179 , 643 (1973).

• Canfield, R. C., and Mehltretter, J. P., ``Fluctuations of Brightness and Vertical Velocity at Various Heights in the Photosphere'', Solar Physics , 33 , 33 (1973).

• Altrock, R. C., and Canfield, R. C., ``Observations of Photospheric Pole-Equator Temperature Differences'' Solar Physics , 23 , 257 (1972).

• Altrock, R. C., and Canfield, R. C., ``Observations of the Variation of Temperature with Latitude in the Upper Solar Photosphere'', Astrophysical Journal (Letters) , 171 , L71 (1972).

• Canfield, R. C., ``Deviations from Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium in Weak Complex Spectra'', Astronomy Astrophysics , 10 , 54 (1971).

• Canfield, R. C., ``A Measurement of the Non-Thermal Velocity in the Low Chromosphere'', Solar Physics , 20 , 275 (1971).

• Canfield, R. C., ``Formation of Solar Rare-Earth Lines Inside and Outside H and K'', Astronomy Astrophysics , 10 , 64 (1971).

• Canfield, R. C., ``On the Frequency Dependence of the Line Source Function'', Solar Physics , 12 , 63 (1970).

• Athay, R. G., and Canfield, R. C., ``A Self-Consistent Model Atmosphere Program with Applications to Solar O I Resonance Lines'', in Spectrum Formation in Stars with Steady-State Extended Atmospheres , eds. H. G. Groth and Y. Wellman, National Bureau of Standards, Spec. Publ., 332 , 65 (1970).

• Athay, R. G., and Canfield, R. C., ``Computed Profiles for Solar Mg b and Na D Lines'', Astrophysical Journal 156 , 695 (1969).

• Canfield, R. C., ``Reversals of Selected Ce II Solar Lines'', Astrophysical Journal 157 , 415 (1969).

• Athay, R. G., and Canfield, R. C., ``Computed Profiles of Mg b and Na D Lines'', in Resonance Lines in Astrophysics , eds. R. G. Athay, J. Mathis and A. Skumanich, (Boulder, Colorado), National Center for Atmospheric Research, p. 363 (1968).