jim,
interesting paper:), robertus
On 31 Jul 2012, at 14:47, Klimchuk, James A. (GSFC-6710) wrote:
Dear friends,
You might be interested in my recent paper on “The Role of Type II Spicules in the Upper Solar Atmosphere,” which can be downloaded at http://arxiv.org/abs/1207.7048
Cheers, Jim
ABSTRACT: We examine the suggestion that most of the hot plasma in the Sun's corona comes from type II spicule material that is heated as it is ejected from the chromosphere. This contrasts with the traditional view that the corona is filled via chromospheric evaporation that results from coronal heating. We explore the observational consequences of a hypothetical spicule dominated corona and conclude from the large discrepancy between predicted and actual observations that only a small fraction of the hot plasma can be supplied by spicules (<2% in active regions and <5% in the quiet Sun). The red-blue asymmetries of EUV spectral lines and the ratio of lower transition region (LTR; T<0.1 MK) to coronal emission measures are both predicted to be 2 orders of magnitude larger than observed. Furthermore, hot spicule material would cool dramatically by adiabatic expansion as it rises into the corona, so coronal heating would be required to maintain the high temperatures that are seen at all altitudes. The necessity of coronal heating is inescapable. Traditional coronal heating models predict far too little emission from the LTR, and we suggest that this emission comes primarily from the bulk of the spicule material that is heated to <0.1 MK and is visible in He II (304 A) as it falls back to the surface.
James A. Klimchuk NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Solar Physics Lab, Code 671 Bldg. 21, Rm. 158 Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA
Phone: 1-301-286-9060 Fax: 1-301-286-7194 E-mail: James.A.Klimchuk@nasa.gov Homepage: https://sedupdate.gsfc.nasa.gov/sed/index.cfm?fuseAction=people.jumpBio&... No endorsement by NASA is implied for any correspondence related to my role as an officer of professional organizations (American Geophysical Union, International Astronomical Union, American Astronomical Society).
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